Timeline for Carthage
Color code:
red indicates events that did not happen, happened differently or happened at a different time in our timeline
green indicates major events in the history of Islam not directly related to North Africa
blue indicates major events in Byzantine history not directly related to North Africa
brown indicates major events in the history of western Christendom not directly related to North Africa.

• 1100 BC -- Phoenicians begin colonizing North Africa with the founding of Outih (Utica).
• 814 BC -- Qart Hadrasha (Carthage) founded by Tyrian colonists.
• 6th c. BC -- Carthaginian control extends to Morocco, Lybia, Sardina, Malta and the Balaeric Is. Carthage cooperates with Etruscans to conquer Greek-held Corsica.
• 508 BC -- Rome and Carthage sign a treaty to cooperate against the Greeks.
• ??? BC -- Carthage breaks away from Tyre.
• 480 BC -- Sicilian Greeks defeat Carthage at Himera.
• 406 BC -- Carthage conquers Selinus and other Greek colonies in western Sicily.
• 396 BC -- Greeks defeat Carthage on Sicily. Domestic upheaval in Carthage results in overthrow of the king. Republic established.
• 330-323 BC -- City of Carthage at largest extent -- population 200,000.
• 310 BC -- Greek king of Syracuse attacks Carthage and plunders the mainland for three years.
• 264-241 BC -- First Punic War. Sicily and Sardinia fall to Rome. Carthage retains southern Spain.
• 241-238 BC -- Lybian revolt against Carthage.
• 218-201 BC -- Second Punic War
• 218 BC -- Hanibal Barca besieges Saguntum in Spain.
• 202 BC -- L. Scipio Africanus defeats Hanibal at Zama.
• 149-146 BC -- Third Punic War.
• 146 BC -- L. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus destroies Carthage. Carthage becomes a Roman province, Africa Proconsularis.
• 118-105 BC -- Numidian kings, Massinissa and Jugurtha fight Roman expansion.
• 19 BC -- Virgil's Aeneid, a myhtical explination of the enmity between Rome and Carthage, is published.
• AD 29 -- Augustus establishes colonia Julia Carthago, a colony for veterans, on the site of Punic Carthage.
• AD 100 -- Carthage is the third largest city in the Roman Empire.
• AD 145-65 -- Antonius Pius constructs a large bath complex.
• AD 160-255 -- Tertulian of Carthage, first Christian writer in Latin.
• AD c.200-258 -- St. Cyprian, first bishop of Carthage to be martyred.
• AD 270-335 -- St. Donatus.
• AD 312 -- Caecilian consecrated bishop of Carthage by Felix of Aptunga, an apostate, precipitating the Donatist controversies.
• AD 313 -- Begining of Donatist schism.
• AD 317 -- Donatist inspired Berber revolt.
• AD 347 -- Donatists make formal break with the Roman Church.
• AD 354-430 -- St. Augustine
• AD 398 -- Donatist revolt against Rome is crushed. Large numbers of Berbers continue to convert to Donatist Christianity.
• AD 411 -- Augustine writes City of God. Kingdom of Galicia founded in northwestern Iberia.
• AD 423-5 -- North Africa under semi-independent control of Roman general Bonifatius.
• AD 427 -- Placida recalls Bonifatius. He ignores the summons.
• AD 429 -- Bonifatius repulses Roman attack and calls on Gaiseric, king of the Vandals for aid. Vandals take Mauritania.
• AD 430 -- Vandals take Hippo.
• AD 436 -- Rome signs treaty with Gaiseric giving him federate status in Morocco and western Algeria.
• AD 439 -- Vandals conquer Carthage. They establish the Regnum Vandalorum under Gaiseric.
• AD 440 -- Vandals take Sicily.
• AD 442 -- Rome recognizes independent Vandal kingdom under Gaiseric in exchange for return of Mauritania.
• AD 451 -- Council of Chalcedon condemns the Egyptian Church as Monophysitic.
• AD 452 -- Coptic Church makes formal break with Roman Church. Egyptians seceed from Byzantium and declare the Alexandrian Theocracy headed by the Patriarch.
• AD 456 -- The Vandal Kingdom occupies Sardinia.
• AD 468 -- Vandals defeat Romans off Carthage coast.
• AD 476 -- Vandals ceed Sicily to Odoacer, German king of Italy.
• AD 491 -- Ostrogoths take Sicily.
• AD 527 -- Constnatinople reaches 8 sq. miles with a population of 500,000.
• AD 532-7 -- Hagia Sophia built.
• AD 533 -- Byzantium retakes Mauritania.
• AD 534 -- Byzantium conqueres the Vandal Kingdom, Sicily and Sardinia.
• AD 608-10 -- Revolt of the Heraclii against tyrany of Phocas who is deposed and executed. Heraclius of Carthage becomes Byzantine Emperor. Persians attack Constantinople. Mohammed founds Islam.
• AD 611 -- Persians pushed out of Ceserea, but invade Syria and take Antioch.
• AD 613 -- Persians take Damascus.
• AD 614 -- Persians take Jerusalem. Slavs destroy Salona, Dalmatia's administrative center.
• AD 617 -- Second unsuccessful Persian attack on Constantinople.
• AD 619 -- Persians attack Alexandria.
• AD 622 -- Heraclius counterattacks, regains Asia Minor and Armenia. Sacks Ganzak and destroies the fire temple.
• AD 624 -- Spain lost to Visigoth Sunthila.
• AD 626 -- Constantinople attacked by Persians and Avars.
• AD 627 -- Persains defeated near Nineveh.
• AD 628 -- Persian King Khusrau II deposed & murdered by son, Kavadh-Siroe who makes treaty with Heraclius returning Syria, Palestine & Egypt to Byzantium. Greek replaces Latin as official language of Byzantium.
• AD 632 -- Death of Mohammed. Islam enters Syria.
• AD 633 -- Muslim armies campaign in Bahrain, Oman, Yemen and Iraq.
• AD 634 -- Battle of Damascus.
• AD 635 -- Arab conquest of Persia begins.
• AD 637 -- Conquest of Syria complete. Musilms capture Jerusalem.
• AD 639 -- Islam enters Egypt.
• AD 640-3 -- Seige of Alexandria
• AD 641 -- Emperor Heraclius dies. Arabs conquer Persia.
• AD 642 -- Avar seige of Constantinople.
• AD 643 -- Alexandrian Library burned and Patriarch Cyrus executed at Fall of Alexandria. Book copying ends. Egyptian refugees stream into Carthage.
• AD 644 -- Byzantines retake Alexandria which is recaptured by Muslims.
• AD 646 -- Conquest of Egypt complete.
• AD 647 -- Fall of Tripoli. Byzantium recaptures Alexandria.
• AD 648 -- Second Fall of Alexandria. More refugees flee to Carthage. Coptic Bishopric of Carthage established.
• AD 649 -- Barqah in Cyrenaica falls. Part of Tunisia temporarily captured by Muslim armies. Cyprus falls.
• AD 652 -- Unsuccessful Byzantine expidition to Alexandria.
• AD 656 -- Murder of 'Uthman. First Arab Civil War. First Egyptian Revolt.
• AD 659 -- Mu'awiyah takes Egypt. He signs treaty with Byzantium while fighting 'Ali.
• AD 661 -- Mu'awiyah becomes sole Cailiph after murdering 'Ali.
• AD 666 -- Raid on Sicily.
• AD 667 -- Arabs take Chalcedon, and invade Sicily.
• AD 670 -- Muslims advance in North Africa. Campaigns against Berbers. Qairouan founded.
• AD 674-8 -- First Arab siege of Constantinople. Mu'awiya agrees to 30 years of peace, anual tribute of 3,000 gold coins & returns Rhodes, Cos & Cyprus.
• AD 680-2 -- Second Arab Civil War -- anti-Caliphate in the Hijaz. Christian/Nationalist revolts in Alexandria, Tripoli and Carthage.
• AD 682 -- Uqba ibn Nafe marches to the Atlantic. He is ambushed at Biskra. Muslims evacuate Qairouan and withdraw to Burqa.
• AD 685-7 -- Shi'a uprising in Iraq.
• AD 691 -- Arabs attack Cyprus.
• AD 692 -- 'Umayyads recapture Mecca. End of anti-caliphate.
• AD 695 -- Muslim campaigns against Kahina. Persecution of Jews in Spain.
• AD 697 -- Destruction of Carthage.
• AD 698 -- Basilius Leontius deposed for failure to aid Carthage. Navy proclaims Tiberius II. Unsuccessful Byzantine expidition to Carthage.
• AD 700 -- Conquest of Algiers. Campaigns against Berbers.
• AD 710 -- Sugar planted in Egypt. Saracen raids on Sardinia begin.
• AD 711 -- Muslim conquest of Spain begins at the Battle of Wadi Bakkah. Renaissance of Spanish Judaism.
• AD 712 -- Fall of Seville. Bulgar siege of Constantinople.
• AD 716-8 -- Second Muslim siege of Constantinople. Fall of Lisbon.
• AD 718 -- Asturias is an indenpendent Christian Kingdom in Spain
• AD 720 -- Arabs in Sardinia. Iconoclasm.
• AD 725 -- Fall of Nimes, France.
• AD 732 -- Battle of Tours.
• AD 737 -- Muslim reverse at Avignon
• AD 740 -- Shia revolt. Battles of the Nobles. Donatist Berber revolt.
• AD 741 -- Battle of Bagdoura.
• AD 742 -- Muslim rule restored in Qairouan.
• AD 743 -- Third Arab Civil War. Berber, Carthaginian and Coptic revolts.
• AD 750 -- Discriminatory laws enacted against Copts. Christians take Galicia.
• AD 756 -- Abdul Rahman founds Umayyad state in Spain, Emirate of Cordova.
• AD 759 -- Narbonne retaken from Moors.
• AD 761 -- Rustamids in Algeria.
• AD 763 -- Defeat of Abbasids in Spain.
• AD 772 -- Battle of Janbi. Rustamid state founded.
• AD 777 -- Battle of Saragossa.
• AD 780 -- Images resored in Byzantine usage. Iconoclast exodus to Carthage.
• AD 788 -- Idrisids found Shi'ite state in the Maghreb. Abdul Rahman of Spain dies. Hisham acceeds.
• AD 792 -- Invasion of France.
• AD 795 -- Revolts in Egypt.
• AD 796 -- Death of Hisham in Spain. Al Hakam acceeds.
• AD 800 -- Aghlabid rule begins in North Africa.
• AD 801 -- Charlemagne takes Catalonia from the Moors.
• AD 805 -- Campaign against Byzantium.
• AD 808 -- Fez becomes capital of Morocco.
• AD 811 -- Catalunya becomes the Marca Hispanica.
• AD 813-4 -- Bulgar siege of Constantinople.
• AD 814 -- Fourth Arab Civil War. Rioting in Qairouan, Tripoli and other North African towns.
• AD 818 -- Umayyads capture isles of Izira. Majorica and Sardinia
• AD 822 -- Death of Al Hakam in Spain. Abdul Rahman II acceeds.
• AD 825 -- Saracens in Crete.
• AD 827 -- Conquest of Sicily begins. Further campaigns in Sardinia.
• AD 832 -- Caliph Mamun invades Egypt. Resurgance of Iconoclasm.
• AD 834 -- Saracens take Palermo.
• AD 838 -- Saracens sack Marseilles and begin settling in southern Italy.
• AD 839 -- Saracens occupy southern Italy. Fall of Messina in Sicily.
• AD 842 -- Icons once again restored in Byzantine usage. Second iconoclast exodus to Carthage.
• AD 843 -- Unrest and revolts throughout the Arab territories.
• AD 844 -- Battle of Cavijo ("the Peg"). Christian victory attributed to intervention of Santiago.
• AD 846 -- Sack of Rome.
• AD 852 -- Death of Abdul Rahman II in Spain. Muhammed I acceeds.
• AD 860 -- Russian siege of Constantinople.
• AD 863 -- Battle of Poson. Begining of Byzantine counteroffensive aginst Islam.
• AD 868 -- Ahmad ibn Tulun founds Tulunid Dynasty in Egypt.
• AD 869 -- Fall of Malta.
• AD 873 -- Conquest of Sicily complete.
• AD 874 -- Wilfred the Hairy, Count of Barcelona wins Catalan independence.
• AD 880 -- Byzantine reconquest of south Italy. Christian revolts across North Africa crushed when expected Byzantine aid fails to materialize.
• AD 885 -- Death of Ahmad ibn Tulun in Egypt. Khamar-wiyiah acceeds.
• AD 886 -- Death of Muhammad I in Spain. Al-Munzir acceeds.
• AD 888 -- Death of al-Munzir in Spain. Abdullah acceeds.
• AD 894 -- Rustamids become vassals of Spain.
• AD 896 -- Death of Khamar-wiyiah in Egypt. Abdul Asakir Jaish acceeds.
• AD 900 -- Reconquista begins in Spain. Under continued pressure from Saracen raiders, Sardinia splits into four kingdoms.
• AD 905 -- End of Tulunid rule in Egypt. Navarre becomes a kingdom.
• AD 907 -- Second Russian siege of Constantinople.
• AD 909 -- Ubaidullah overthrows Aghlabids in Tunisia and establishes Fatmid dynasty.
• AD 912 -- Death of Amir Abdullah in Spain. Abdur Rahman III acceeds.
• AD 913 -- Second Bulgar siege of Constantinople.
• AD 915 -- Fatmids invade Egypt from Tunisia.
• AD 916 -- Saracens expelled from central Italy
• AD 917 -- Bulgarian Orthodox Church becomes autocephalous.
• AD 924 -- Asturias falls to Leon.
• AD 925 -- Navarra conqueres Aragon.
• AD 934 -- Death of Fatmid Cailiph Abaidullah. Al Qaim acceeds.
• AD 935 -- Founding of Algiers.
• AD 939 -- Leon takes Madrid.
• AD 941 -- Third Russian siege of Constantinople.
• AD 943 -- Castilla independent from Leon under Fernan Gonzalez.
• AD 961 -- Death of Cailiph Abdul Rahman IV in Spain. Hakam acceeds. Byzantium recaptures Crete.
• AD 964 -- Byzantium recaptures Cyprus.
• AD 965 -- Saracen reconquest of Sicily.
• AD 968 -- Byzantium retakes Aleppo. Founding of El Kahira (Cairo).
• AD 969 -- Fatmids control all of Egypt.
• AD 972 -- Bulggin ibn Ziri founds Zirid Dynasty in Algeria and Tunisia. Cairo University.
• AD 973 -- Direct trade between Egypt and Italy commences.
• AD 975 -- Death of Fatmid Cailiph al-Muizz. William of Arles takes Garde-Freinet from the Saracens.
• AD 976 -- Death of Umayyad Cailiph Hakam. Hisham II acceeds.
• AD 981 -- Leon becomes tributary to Cordoba.
• AD 984 -- Death of Zirid ruler Buluggin. Mansur acceeds.
• AD 988 -- Catalonia gains independence from France.
• AD 994 -- Sack of Monte Cassino.
• AD 996 -- Death of Zirid Mansur. Nasir ud Duala Badis acceeds.
• AD 999 -- Byzantines campaign in Syria.
• AD 1000-35 -- Spritual center of Judaism shifts from Babylon to Spain. Sancho III, el Mayor of Mavaro is strongest King in Iberia.
• Ad 1002 -- Al-Manzur dies in Spain. Muzaffar acceeds.
• AD 1004 -- Saracens sack Pisa.
• AD 1009 -- Sacking of the Holy Sepulchur.
• AD 1010 -- Abdication of Hisham II in Spain. Muhammed acceed.
• AD 1011 -- In Spain, Muhammed is overthown by Sulaiman.
• AD 1012 -- Beni Hamad takes power in Spain.
• AD 1015 -- Saracens conquer Sardinia. Mochehid ibn Yusuf takes the Balearic Is.
• AD 1016 -- Norman knights invited into southern Italy. Zirid Nasir ud Daula Badis dies. Al Muizz acceeds.
• AD 1018 -- Abdul Rahman IV takes power in Spain.
• AD 1020 -- Pisa annexes Corsica. Death of Fatmid Cailiph Al Hakim. Al Zahir acceeds.
• AD 1022 -- Genoa and Pisa divide Sardinia.
• AD 1024 -- Abdul Rahman IV assassinated in Spain. Mustafi acceeds.
• AD 1027 -- Byzantium recalls Boioannes from southern Italy.
• AD 1028 -- Sancho of Navarre takes Castile.
• AD 1029 -- Death of Mustafi. Hisham III acceeds in Spain.
• AD 1031 -- End of the Cordoba Cailiphate. Twenty-three small kingdoms (reinos de taifas) established.
• AD 1033 -- Castile becomes a kingdom.
• AD 1034-5 -- Civil war in Sicily.
• AD 1035 -- Aragon independent under Ramiro. Castilla under Fernando I united to Navarre by marriage.
• AD 1036 -- Fatmid Cailiph Al Zahir dies. Mustansir acceeds.
• AD 1038 -- Byzantium attacks Sicily.
• AD 1040 -- Greek siege of Syracuse. Almoravids come to power in the western Maghrib.
• AD 1047 -- Zirids break with the Shi'ite Fatmids, switching alegiance to the Sunni Abbasid Cailiph.
• AD 1050 -- Egypt collapses under military dictatorship. Yusuf ibn Tashfin comes to power in the Maghrib.
• AD 1052 -- Pisa takes Sardinia from the Saracens.
• AD 1053 -- Robert Guiscard conquers southern Italy.
• AD 1054 -- Commerce between Egypt and Italy expands.
• AD 1056 -- Ferdinand I of Castile declares himself "Emperor of Spain" begining the Reconquista.
• AD 1059 -- Treaty of Melfi - Robert Guiscard and Richard of Aversa become Papal vassals.
• AD 1060 -- Yusuf ibn Tashfin founds Marrakesh. Zirids abandon capital at Ashir, found new capital at Bougie.
• AD 1061 -- Normans conquer Messina. Zirid Al Muizz dies. Tamin acceeds.
• AD 1062 -- Almoravid dynasty founded in Morocco.
• AD 1065 -- Galician independence. Castile and Leon seperate at death of Ferdinand I.
• AD 1071 -- Manzikert. Normans conquer Bari, last Byzantine possession in southern Italy. Alfonso IV of Castilla annexes Galicia. Constantine the African brings Greek medicine to the West.
• AD 1072 -- Normans conquer Palermo. Beginnings of autocephalos Sicilian Orthodox Church. Alfonso IV of Castilla become king of Castile y Leon after his brother, king of Leon is assasinated.
• AD 1074 -- Robert Guiscard excommunicated. Married Catholic priests excommunicated.
• AD 1077 -- All of western Sicily in Norman hands.
• AD 1081 -- Veneto-Byzantine commercial treaty. Robert Guiscard invades Balkans.
• AD 1082 -- Al Moravids conquer Algeria. Donatist misionaries active in Sicily.
• AD 1083 -- Castilla takes Madrid.
• AD 1084 -- Robert Guiscard frees Pope Gregory VII. Emir of Syracuse attacks Reggio.
• AD 1085 -- Alfonso IV captures Toledo. The library at Toledo is translated and Europe rediscovers Plato. Normans Capture Syracuse. Robert Guiscard dies.
• AD 1086 -- Almoravids revive Islamic rule in Spain at Battle of Zallakha (end of the Tarifas).
• AD 1091 -- Norman conquest of Sicily complete. Normans take Malta.
• AD 1094 -- Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, El Cid, takes Valencia. First gondolas appear in Venice.
• AD 1096 -- First Crusade is called.
• AD 1099 -- Crusaders take Jerusalem. Egyptians defeated at Askelon. El Cid dies. Moors retake Valencia.
• AD 1101 -- Robert II created Count of Sicily. Fatmid Cailiph Al Mustaali. Al Aamir acceeds.
• AD 1102 -- Earliest extant European paper document - Sicily.
• AD 1104 -- Acre taken by Crusaders.
• AD 1106 -- Almoravid Yusuf ibn Tashfin dies.
• AD 1108 -- Zirid Tamin dies. Yahya acceds.
• AD 1112 -- Sicilian capital at Palermo.
• AD 1113 -- Balaeric Is. conquered by Pisa. Countess Adelaide of Sicily becomes Queen of Jerusalem.
• AD 1115 -- Moors retake the Balearics.
• AD 1118 -- Roger II mops up southern Italy. Christians capture Zaragossa.
• AD 1121 -- Fatmid Cailiph Al Aamir dies. Al Hafiz acceeds. Zirid Ali dies. Twelve-year-old Hassan acceeds. Roger II invades Zirid lands. Mahdia, Sfax and Sousse surrender. End of Zirid state.
• AD 1122 -- Almoravid pirates attack Sicily. Roger II blocades all ships travelling to or from Arab held ports in Africa and Spain. Sicilians capture Algiers.
• AD 1123 -- Lateran Council - supression of married priests and simony. Hassan calls for jihad on Sicily Muslims hand him over and sue for peace.
• AD 1125 -- Almohades conquer Morocco. Troubador music.
• AD 1127 -- Roger II inherits Apulia.
• AD 1128 -- Roger II makes alliance with Count Raymond of Barcelona against Almoravids.
• AD 1129 -- Roger II crushes revolt of mainland Italian vassals. Oath of Melfi. Capua united to Sicily.
• AD 1130 -- Roger II crowned King of Sicily by anti-Pope Anacletus II.
• AD 1131 -- Roger II's mainland vassals revlot again.
• AD 1132 -- Genoa and Pisa squabbling over Corsica and Sardinia.
• AD 1133 -- Roger II crushes mailand revolt and executes the leaders.
• AD 1135 -- Continual Sicilian raids on Dalmatian coast cause Byzantium to seek aid from the Holy Roman Empire. Queen Elvira of Sicily dies.
• AD 1136 -- H.R.E. Lothair invades Sicilian mainland and conqueres Apulia.
• AD 1137 -- Roger II restores Apulia to Sicily. H.R.E. Lothair dies on return trip to Germany. Antioch becomes Byzantine vassal. Catalonia is joined to Aragon by marriage.
• AD 1139 -- Portugal seperates from Castilla leaving Galicia in Castilla y Leon.
• AD 1140 -- Roger II promulgates new penal code. First ducats minted. Palermo becomes center of learning.
• AD 1143 -- Further Sicilian expansion in North Africa. Sicilian raid on Byzantine territory, capture of Thessolonikan silk workers. Rome rejects temporal rule of the Pope, becomes a republic. Alfonso VII of Castilla recognizes Afonso Henrique as King of Portugal. Donatists burnt at Cologne.
• AD 1144 -- Seljuks take Edessa.
• AD 1145 -- Second Crusade. St. Bernard preaches against Donatists in Languedoc.
• AD 1146 -- Sicily takes Libyan Tripoli. Almodah Berbers invade Spain.
• AD 1147 -- Second Crusade fails. Almoravids overthrown in the Maghrib by Almohads. Sicily captures Corfu, raids Athens, Thebes and Corinth. Ghabes goes over to Sicily.
• AD 1148 -- Duke Roger of Apulia, heir to Sicily dies.
• AD 1149 -- Fatmid Cailiph Al Hafiz dies. Al Zahar acceeds. Combined Venetian Greek assault retakes Corfu (by bribery?).
• AD 1150 -- Paper manufacture in Spain.
• AD 1152 -- Eleanor of Aquitaine divorces Louis VII of France and marries Henry of Anjou, the future Henry II of England. H.R.E. Conrad dies. Admiral George, Emir of Emirs dies. End of Hamadids.
• AD 1153 -- Pope Eugenius dies. St. Bernard dies. Admiral Philip of Mahdia raises Almohad siege of Bône. He dies in battle. Mario of Bari becomes Admiral.
• AD 1154 -- Al-Mu'min gains southern Iberia for Almohads. Roger II dies. William I (The Bad) acceeds. Fatmid Cailiph Al Zafar dies. Al Faiz acceeds.
• AD 1154 -- Greek invasion of Sicilian mainland.
• AD 1156 -- Sicily regains Bari, Brindisi, Corfu and captures John Ducas. Unsuccessful revolt led by Omar of Sfax.
• AD 1157 -- Sicily attacks Euboea and Almira and harrasses Constantinople.
• AD 1158 -- H.R.E. Fredrick invades Lombardy causing Pope Adrian IV to ally with Sicily.
• AD 1159 -- Beginnings of the Lombard League. Adrian IV excommunicates H.R.E Fredrick. Adrian IV dies.
• AD 1160 -- Fatmid Cailiph Faiz dies. Al Azzid acceeds.
• AD 1161 -- Sicily takes the Balearics from the Moors. Admiral Mario of Bari murdered in the Bonnellus Coup. Succeeded by Henry Aristippus.
• AD 1162 -- H.R.E Frederick Barbarossa destroies Milan.
• AD 1163 -- Major earthquake in eastern Sicily.
• AD 1164 -- Barcelona united to Aragon by inheritance.
• AD 1165 -- Veneto-Byzantine alliance against the Holy Roman Empire. Donatist-Catholic debates at Lombers
• AD 1166 -- William I dies. William II acceds. Queen Margaret, "The Spanish Woman" is regent. Caïd Peter dies quelling anti-Muslim violence. Saladin builds Cairo.
• AD 1167 -- Frederick finally crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome. He attacks Rome and his army is decimated by plague. The anti-Empirial Lombard League is fomalized. Frederick escapes to Germany in disguise. Donatist Council at St. Félix
• AD 1168 -- Cursaders attack Egypt. Copts rise and Saladin flees to the desert. Milan is rebuilt.
• AD 1170 -- Saladin subdues Egypt.
• AD 1171 -- Regency ends William II takes formal control of Sicily.
• AD 1172 -- Manuel Comnenus proposes marrying his daughter, Maria to William II, but fails to send her. Queen Eleanor raises Aquitanie against Henry II. Venice restricts power of the doges. Almohad Cailiph Abu Yaqub captures Sevilla.
• AD 1173 -- Queen Eleanor imprisoned. Coptic revolt against Nur ad-Din and Saladin. Sicilian expidition to aid Kingdom of Jerusalem.
• AD 1174 -- Sicilians assist Alexandrian revolt. Saracens driven from Alexandria and Cairo. Saladin flees to Damascus. Other Egyptian towns rise. Second Alexandrian Theocracy. Frederick Barbarossa buys Tuscany, Spoleto, Sardina and Corsica from Welf IV.
• AD 1175 -- El Cantar de mio Cid is completed (begun c. 1140)
• AD 1176 -- H.R.E. Frederick defeated by Lombard League at Legamo. Saladin takes Syria.
• AD 1178 -- Papal mission to the Occitaine to reconvert the Donatists of the County of Provençe
• AD 1181 -- The furious Saladin unites Arab armies in a bloody Jihad against the Crusader states. Military campaign agains Donatists in Lavaur led by Henri de Maury
• AD 1182 -- Andronicus slaughters Latins in Constantinople.
• AD 1183 -- Saladin takes Aleppo.
• AD 1184 -- Constance of Sicily is betrothed to Henry, heir to the H.R.E. Cyprus breaks from Byzantium.
• AD 1185 -- Almohad Abu Yaqub dies. Abu Yusuf Yaqub acceeds. Ill-starred Sicilian attack on Byzantium. Saladin retakes Alexandria.
• AD 1186 -- Henry IV and Constance of Sicily wed. He assumes the title Caesar (Kaiser). Admiral Margaritus of Brindisi attacks Cyprus.
• AD 1187 -- Admiral Margaritus ordered to Palesitne. Battle of Hittin. Saladin takes Jerusalem.
• AD 1189 -- Third crusade called. Richard I, Lionheart crowned. Jews massacred at coronation. Salladin is checked, but Jerusalem is not retaken. William II dies. First silver florins.
• AD 1190 -- Tancred crowned. Christians attack Muslims in Palermo. Frederick Barbarosa drowns in Cilicia.
• AD 1191 -- H.R.E. Henry II invades Sicily. Richard I captures Cyprus and sells it to the Templars. Almohads take Algiers and Böne.
• AD 1192 -- Third Crusade ends.
• AD 1193 -- Saladin dies. Third Alexandrian Theocracy declared.
• AD 1194 -- Tancred dies. William III acceds. Sicily surrenders to Holy Roman Empire. Henry II acceds along with Queen Constance. William III flees to Madhia with the Queen Mother, Sibylla, and his siblings. Hafsids make further gains. Muslims retake Tripoli.
• AD 1195 -- Almohad Yacub defeats Christian army at Badajoz. Constance becomes regent for Henry in Sicily.
• AD 1196 -- Peter II of Aragon acceeds.
• AD 1197 -- Henry VI dies. All Sicily rises against the Germans. Constance renounces the German throne for Frederick and crowns him King of Sicily. Pope Innocent III named regent for Frederick. War of the Two Queens
• AD 1198 -- Constance dies. Innocent III takes the governance of Sicily. Cistercians preaching against the Donatists.
• AD 1199 -- Richard I dies at siege in France. Almohad abu Yusuf Yaqub dies. Muhammad Nasi acceeds. William III assumes the throne, regency ends.
• AD 1200 -- William III weds Alix of Brienne. His sister, Mary, weds Alix's brother, Gauthier of Brienne.
• AD 1202 -- Fourth Crusade.
• AD 1203 -- Aumary and Castlenau appointed as papal legates to the Languedoc. Refortification of Montségur. Donatist-Catholic debates in the Languedoc.
• AD 1204 -- Constantinople falls to Crusaders. Emperor Michael sets up in Epirus.
• AD 1206 -- Gengis Khan becomes chief of the Mongols. Dominican order founded in response to Donatism.
• AD 1208 -- William III fails to convince Innocent III to depose Frederick and restore Sicily to the Hauteville family. Frederick is decalred of age and begins to rule in his own right. Peter of Castelnau assassinated.
• AD 1209 -- Innocent III declares a crusade against the Donatists. Bézeirs and Carcasonne fall. Raymond VI of Talossa publicly flogged. William III is publically baptized as a Donatist.
• AD 1210 -- Termes falls to the Crusaders under Simon de Montfort. March of the Blind. King William III of Carraja sends 700 knights and a delegation of Donatist priests and bishops to Count Raymond VI at Talossa.
• AD 1211 -- Alfonso II of Portugal crowned. Genghis Khan invades China.
• AD 1212 -- Venice conquerers Crete. The Children's Crusade. Battle of Las Naves de Talosa. Almohads defeated by Leon, Navarra and Aragon. Almohads retreat to Africa.
• AD 1214 -- Almohad, Al Nasir dies. Al Mustansir acceeds. John of England invades France. French victory at Bouvines.
• AD 1215 -- Fourth Lateran outlaws trial by ordeal. Simon of Montfort sacks Talossa. William III sends more knights to Raymond VI.
• AD 1216 -- Marinids rise against Almohads in Morocco.
• AD 1217-22 -- Fifth Crusade attacks Egypt -- moderately successful. Marinids evacuate Morocco.
• AD 1217 -- Raymond VI retakes Talossa. Simon de Montfort dies at Talossa.
• AD 1218 -- Marinids take Fez. Mongols take Persia.
• AD 1219 -- Masacre at Mormonde, 7000 added to the rolls of Donatist martyrs.




• AD 1221 -- St. Dominic dies
• AD 1222 -- Raymond VI dies. Raymond VII acceeds in Talossa.
• AD 1223 -- Mongols in Russia. Almohad Al Mustansir dies. Abdul Wahid acceds. Almohad civil war. Spain splits from Morocco.
• AD 1224 -- Louis VIII invades Talossa.
• AD 1225 -- Cotton manufacture in Spain.
• AD 1226 -- (St.) Louis IX crowned in France at age 12.
• AD 1227 -- Genghis Khan dies. Monglo empire divided.
• AD 1228-9 -- Sixth Crusade (Frederick II) Jerusalem is recaptured.
• AD 1229 -- Idrisids oust Almohads in Morocco(?). Al Mamun acceds in Spain and invades Morocco with Christian help. Jerusalem given to Frederick II. Aragon takes Majorca. Inquisition in Toulouse forbids Bible reading to laymen.
• AD 1230 -- Final, permanant union of Castilla nad Leon. Peace of San Germano between H.R.E. Frederick II and Pope. Frederick absolved from excommunication. Crusaders bring leprosy to Europe.
• AD 1232 -- Muhammad I founds Nasrid dynasty in Granada.
• AD 1233 -- "Great Hallelujah" penitential movement spreads through nothern and central Italy.
• AD 1236 -- Castilla takes Cordova.
• AD 1237 -- Mongols conquer Russia.
• AD 1238 -- Jaime I of Aragon takes Valencia.
• AD 1241 -- Battle of Liegnitz, Selicia -- Mongols defeat Germans, invade Poland and Hungary, but death of Ughetai Khan forces their withdrawal from Europe.
• AD 1242 Batu Khan establishes the Golden Horde at Sarai on the lower Volga.
• AD 1244 -- Kheorezmian Turks retake Jerusalem for Islam.
• AD 1245 -- H.R.E. Frederick II is deposed by Council of Lyons.
• AD 1246 -- Frederick siezes Austria and Styria.
• AD 1248 -- Louis IX leads Sixth Crusade in Egypt. Castilla takes Sevilla. Lombards defeat Frederick at Parma. Genoese take Rhodes. Work begins on the Alhambra.
• AD 1249 -- Louis IX captures Damietta.
• AD 1250 -- Last Ayyubid ruler of Egypt dies in battle with Louis IX of France. His wife assumes control in his name. News of his death leaks out. The populace revolts and massacres the Mamluks. Crusaders and Copts sieze controll. Arabs and Berbers fight a civil war in Morocco. Louis IX proceeds on pilgrimage to Jerusalem.
• AD 1251 -- Portugal takes Algarve.
• AD 1252 -- Inquisition begins using torture. Golden Florins begin to be minted at Florence.
• AD 1254 -- Louis returns to France. Pope Alexander IV. Founding of the Sorbonne.
• AD 1255 -- Henry III of England accepts Sicily for his son Edmund.
• AD 1256-74 -- Reign of Alfonso X, el Sabio of Castilla. He establishes the translation school at Toledo.
• AD 1258 -- Merinid dynasty established in Morocco.
• AD 1256 -- Venice and Genoa begin a hundred years of warfare.
• AD 1258 -- Manfred, illigitimate son of Frederick II, corwned king of sicily at Palermo. Mongols take Baghdad and overthrow the caliphate.,/li>
• AD 1259 -- Kublai Khan becomes emperor of China.
• AD 1261 -- Byzantium retakes Constantinople.
• AD 1270 -- Louis XI leads Seventh Crusade to Carthage. Christians and Berbers revolt.
• AD 1282 -- Aragon-Catalunya takes Sardina.
• AD 1291 -- Arabs conquer Acre, the last Crusader state in the Holy Land. Genoese defeat Moroccan forces opening the Straits of Gibralter.
• AD 1301 -- Osman founds the Ottoman Empire declaring himself sultan.
• AD 1315-7 -- The Universal Famine, 4.6 million die.
• AD 1316 -- Prince Pedro of Castilla takes Tiscar.
• AD 1319 -- Prince Pedro dies attacking Granada.
• AD 1324 -- Aragon-Catalunya takes Cerdeña.
• AD 1325 -- Alfonso XI of Castilla avenges his son on Granada.
• AD 1331 -- Jaime el Conquistador of Aragon takes Mallorca from the Moors. Black Death kills 90% of Hebei province in China.
• AD 1333 -- Moors retake Granada
• AD 1346 -- Black Death empties Uzbek villages.
• AD 1347 -- Black Death hits Constantinople.
• AD 1348-51 -- Black Death ravages Spain.